Catechol O methyltransferase (COMT) is an enzyme found in the human body that plays a significant role in the regulation and metabolism of certain neurotransmitters, specifically catecholamines. It catalyzes the transfer of a methyl group from a donor molecule called S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM) to catecholamines such as dopamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine.
COMT is primarily found in various tissues, including the brain, liver, and kidneys. In the brain, it is most abundant in areas responsible for executive functions, such as the prefrontal cortex, and plays a crucial role in the modulation of cognitive functions, mood, and stress response. COMT activity affects the availability and duration of these neurotransmitters in the synaptic cleft, thus influencing their overall signaling and impact on neuronal activity.
Certain genetic variations in the COMT gene can lead to alterations in enzyme activity, resulting in higher or lower levels of neurotransmitter metabolism. For instance, individuals with a specific genetic variant known as the Val158Met polymorphism have reduced COMT enzymatic activity, leading to higher dopamine levels in the prefrontal cortex and potential effects on cognitive processes such as working memory.
Pharmaceuticals targeting COMT activity, known as COMT inhibitors, are sometimes used in the treatment of certain psychiatric disorders, including Parkinson's disease and schizophrenia. By inhibiting COMT, these medications can increase the availability and prolong the effects of dopamine in the brain, helping to alleviate symptoms associated with these conditions.
